Statistical relationship between metrics off chemical bioaccumulation for the seafood

Five widely used metrics of bioaccumulation in fish are defined and discussed, namely the octanol–water partition coefficient (K_OW), bioconcentration factor (BCF), bioaccumulation factor (BAF), biomagnification factor (BMF), and trophic magnification factor (TMF). Algebraic relationships between these metrics are developed and discussed using conventional expressions for chemical uptake from water and food and first-order losses by respiration, egestion, biotransformation, and growth dilution. Two BCFs ely as an equilibrium partition coefficient K_FW or as a nonequilibrium BCF_K in which egestion losses are included. Bioaccumulation factors are shown to be the product of the BCF_K and a ely, the diet-to-water concentration ratio and the ratio of uptake rate constants for respiration and dietary uptake. Biomagnification factors are shown to be proportional to the lipid-normalized ratio of the predator/prey values of BCF_K and the ratio of the equilibrium multipliers. Relationships with TMFs are also discussed. The effects of chemical hydrophobicity, biotransformation, and growth are evaluated by applying the relationships to a range of illustrative chemicals of varying K_OW in a linear 4-trophic-level food web with typical values for uptake and loss rate constants. The roles of respiratory and dietary intakes are demonstrated, and even slow rates of biotransformation and growth can significantly affect bioaccumulation. The BCF_Ks and the values of M can be regarded as the fundamental determinants of bioaccumulation and biomagnification in aquatic food webs. Analyzing data from food webs can be enhanced by plotting logarithmic lipid-normalized concentrations or fugacities as a linear function of trophic level to deduce TMFs. Implications for determining bioaccumulation by laboratory tests for regulatory purposes are discussed. Environ Toxicol Chem 2013;–1466. © 2013 SETAC

Inclusion

Bioaccumulation out-of organic chemicals inside fish and other organisms which can constitute dinner chains is an issue due to one another you are able to bad consequences into organisms on their own as well as the potential for connection with predators, including humans, that will eat such organisms. The main focus let me reveal toward bioaccumulation inside fish, but equivalent prices affect bioaccumulation various other marine h2o-breathing bacteria, and in addition they may connect with sky-respiration organisms such as wild birds and you can mammals. This means that, a major international step could have been launched to check on industrial agents to have their ability to bioaccumulate 1, dos . Within it effort, several types of bioaccumulation studies and metrics are used to dictate whether and to exactly what the total amount agents try bioaccumulative. Detailed books is available to the bioaccumulation away from medical and you may regulating viewpoints, examples being the recommendations by the Hairdresser 3, cuatro , Mackay and you may Fraser 5 , Arnot and you will Gobas six , Ehrlich ainsi que al. eight , Burkhard ainsi que al. 8 , and you can Gobas ainsi que al. 9 , aforementioned summarizing the new conclusions away from a beneficial SETAC-sponsored workshop stored into the 2008. These or other reviews have discussed the presence of several metrics out-of bioaccumulation that disagree into the definition, into the regulatory application, as well as in adoption because of the medical community.

All of our goal here’s to identify and you may discuss the matchmaking anywhere between 5 well-known bioaccumulation metrics to have marine bacteria which have a perspective to clarifying its cousin merits and you can usefulness getting bioaccumulation examination. We earliest briefly serwis randkowy xmatch describe and you may discuss the bioaccumulation metrics, then implement a size equilibrium model to look at and you can measure this new dating between the two. We attempt to offer novel expertise for the fundamental techniques resulting when you look at the bioaccumulation and offer pointers to have boosting and you may interested in analysis to possess bioaccumulation assessments.

BIOACCUMULATION METRICS

For the current analysis, we define and describe 5 common metrics for assessing bioaccumulation. Differences exist in the definitions and usage of these terms; however, the definitions given here are used to develop mathematical relationships in the next section. The octanol–water partition coefficient (K_OW) is widely used as an indicator of hydrophobicity and thus the partitioning of a chemical from water into lipids and other organic phases such as protein 10 . The K_OW is primarily controlled by the solubility of the substance in water, because the solubility of neutral, liquid nonpolar organic chemicals in octanol is relatively constant. A log K_OW value of 5 is often used as a bioaccumulation assessment criterion; however, depending on the regulatory program, lower values are also used to categorize bioaccumulation potential. Whereas K_OW gives a reasonable and conservative estimate of lipid–water partitioning for nonpolar hydrophobic substances 11 , it may not accurately simulate partitioning for more polar and ionogenic organic chemicals and other chemical classes such as organofluorines and silicones. Direct empirical measurement is essential in such cases.